More of history's lies. Marie Antoinette. Let them eat cake. Queen Victoria, The Irish Famine. The American Revolution.
83Contents.
History is full of lies.
Lie no 1. Marie Antoinette and the cake.
History's lies. No 2. The American colonists and "unjust taxation".
Lie no 3. Queen Victoria and the £5 contribution to Irish Famine Relief.
History is full of lies.
One of the ironies of history is that the accounts that enter the popular memory are often not the true ones. This is mainly because history is written by the victor, and in the cause of self-justification the truth is frequently the first casualty. Also, when people are engaged in those great titanic struggles that have characterised human history, the usefulness of the propaganda has often outweighed the value of honesty.
In this article I want to put the record straight in three cases where the real record has been distorted in order to throw a gloss on the dubious actions of some of history's victors.
Lie no 1. Marie Antoinette and the cake
It has long been the belief that the late Queen of France Marie Antoinette was a very frivolous and extravagant woman who cared little for the sufferings of the starving French peasants, and that this indifference contributed greatly to provoking the French revolution that eventually lead to the execution of the said queen and her husband King Louis XVI. The saying that is most frequently quoted against her, and the one that can even now has republicans spitting out their cornflakes in " righteous indignation “is that when told that the peasants were starving because they had no bread she replied "Let them eat cake". I have to tell you now that such was never said by the much maligned murdered queen. The statement was first heard in the autobiography of Jean- Jacques Rousseau published in 1769 when Marie Antoinette was 13 and still living in Austria. What he said was,
"Finally I recalled the last resort of a great princess who was told that the peasants had no bread, and who responded: "Let them eat brioche.”
(Brioche is a type of cake in France).
At the time the sentence was attributed to several French princesses including Marie Therese, wife of Louis XIV, and the daughters of Louis XV Mesdames Sophie and Victoire. The most likely explanation is that it was a fiction, invented by Rousseau himself who liked to attack those in authority. It helped to sell his books. The people of France in the eighteenth century might have had many problems, but the chronic shortage of bread was not one of them. There was a shortage in 1775 around the time of the coronation of the king. This lead to some rioting in some places. There was a further shortage in 1789, just prior to the outbreak of the revolution, but generally the French peasants were among the best fed in Europe at the time. The Queen herself gave generously to charity, when she was aware of the need, and she was very aware that her position meant that she needed to work hard for the betterment of her people. This is shown in this excerpt from a letter which she sent to her family in Austria.
"It is quite certain that in seeing the people who treat us so well despite their own misfortune, we are more obliged than ever to work hard for their happiness. The King seems to understand this truth."
It was the misfortune of Marie Antoinette that her reputation fell afoul of those people who would stoop to any level of falsehood in order to further their own agendas.
History's lies. No 2. The American colonists and "unjust taxation".
A lot has been written about the rebellion of the British North American colonies in the latter part of the eighteenth century. One of the prevalent beliefs is the notion that the rebellion was caused because the colonists were unjustly taxed by an oppressive British government that denied them the right to vote on whether they should be taxed or not. I have to say now that this is one of the greatest examples of how propaganda and the lies of the victors can distort the true record of history.
The real reason why the tax was required from the colonists was, first of all, to protect them from the effects of attacks on them from the Native Americans, who were resisting the depredations of colonial "land grabbers" in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains. One of those who hoped to make money from land speculation in illegally seized "Indian land" was George Washington.
The second reason for the raising of tax was to protect the colonies from invasion by the French during The Seven Years War. This war, incidentally, was started when a troop of British soldiers, under the command of, would you believe it, George Washington, attacked and massacred a French platoon. The ensuing war almost bankrupted the British state, and it was in order to gain back some of that money that it was decided to ask the colonists to, in future, contribute to the costs of their own defence.
The rioters that invaded the ships in Boston Harbour during the so called "Boston Tea Party" were smugglers who wanted to continue making illegal fortunes from selling smuggled tea.
They were not freedom fighters.
Taxes were actually greatly increased after the success of the rebellion.
An indication of what life was like in the new USA is an armed uprising took place in Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787 against crippling taxation which had caused most to fall deeply in debt and then as a consequence faced them with either imprisonment or their property confiscated for the state to sell. This popular rebellion led by Daniel Shays, was crushed when nearly all of it's leaders were caught and sentenced to death, Daniel Shays died in dire poverty.
Generations of Americans have been fed a skewed version of how their state came into being, and so pervasive is American cultural imperialism that the rest of the world believes it as well.
Lie no 3. Queen Victoria and the £5 contribution to Irish Famine Relief.
The history of Ireland, especially its relations with its larger neighbour England, has been the cause of much bitterness, and the spilling of much blood for the greater part of one thousand years. Indeed the issues that have divided these two countries are not resolved fully even now, and they still result in the spilling of innocent blood in the twenty first century.
Of all the tragedies that befell the island of Ireland in its long history, the one that has had the greatest impact on the psyche of the nation was The Great Potato Famine of 1845/1849 The direct result of this catastrophe was that the population of Ireland was reduced from eight million to four million in the space of thirty years. About one million died from starvation, and the rest emigrated.
I am not writing here to explain the causes of the famine, which was mainly down to an over reliance on potatoes in the diet of the Irish poor. What I do want to address is the belief held by many at the time, and still used by those whose interests lie in continuing hostility between the irish and the English that Queen Victoria was so indifferent to the plight of her Irish subjects that, when asked to contribute to a fund for their relief, she gave only five pounds. She is further said on the same day to have given the same sum to "The Home for Dogs".
In actual fact The Queen headed the subscription list with a contribution of £2000 pounds from her personal money, equal to £61000 today.
Revolutionary propagandists seized on the myth, and it has been used to inflame bitterness,( and raise money for terrorists), ever since.
I am not trying to reverse the results of history here. For better or worse the world has moved on. All that I am doing is trying to put the record straight in some of the myths that are behind the understandings that many of us falsely hold today. I am not expecting to have much success.
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This is pretty typical actually, and by far not the only cases:
1.) That redcoat site for instance may tell another story from british view, but also dismisses the use of the Hessians: when Washington crossed the Delaware the Hessians were supposedly drunk because of Christmas, but surviving members and an officer attested that it was not the case: the Hessians were worn from raids of guerilla groups while also suffering from the cold weather, Washington's attack was indeed a surprise, but the counterattack mounted by Rall, albeit unsuccessful, wasn't performed by people running into eachother and tripping over their own feet.
2.) America winning WWII and saving all the other Nations, its true that America contributed towards the end of WWII and complicated German's defenses as it has forced him to fight on two fronts, but roughly 70% of the German losses were on the Soviet front, the troops sent to that front were also proportional to it. Americans also assume that Japan suffered less losses because they nuked them, instead of invading, this would only hold true if the American landing force was specifically told to massacre everyone and Japan (after losing to China and in an embargo to begin with) wouldn't surrender at all. If some sources are to believed, the Emperor was already going to surrender, but they dropped the nuke anyways to test it. But I'm not here for too much speculation.
3.) "China worships Mao, invades stuff and enforces communism everywhere", this is mostly because China is often seen as rival (after the soviets are gone now) to the States, but China has throughout 4000 years of history repeatedly proven to be a mostly benevolent (though strict) Nation. In the Korean War, China left North Korea to its own devices after saving it from the UN(US) invasion, while South Korea, after beign saved from the NK invasion was made to a military dictature, then went through several authoritarian "democracies" that weren't really much different than dictatures before it finally became the South Korea of today. In the Indo-Chinese border dispute, China also retreated back to its border instead of continuing to fight with India and even returned any land it stepped over during the war, Chinese soldiers also stopped any pursuit of Indians who escaped over Burma's border. Even today, Burma maintains independence which is respected, all that while being right next to - and significantly easier to conquer than - Tibet. China is also barely communist, capitalist, democracy, or anything. I'm not saying there are no human right issues, but its just being incredibly pragmatic about everything and takes what works rather than using a predefined "franchise" form of government (including allowing other government forms exist within). China's actions are mostly for profit which is in the big picture, ultimately a good thing. They had the choice: discipline, or become a 2nd poor "Africa" to drag the rest of the World. And finally, a meme called "Oba Mao" was outlawed prior to President Obama's visit because the Chinese government thought it might be insulting if the US president is compared to a War criminal responsible for millions of deaths.
4.) China oppresses Falun Gong and Tibet and religions in general, while China doesn't exactly have a pristine human rights record, its not quite because they are slow to catch up on it, its because developing everything else is going so fast. What was formerly a starving, broken down Nation grew to a superpower formerly overnight, but lets not dodge the question with this. China requires Religions to keep within its laws, which is understandable, you wouldn't allow a religion that thinks rape and murder and sacrificing virgins to an alien diety because of "freedom of religion" for instance. Falun Gong's problem is mainly that it has caught the attention of the government in all the wrong ways. Falun Gong might declare to be based on love and harmony and unicorns and rainbows like - oh right every other religion out there, but the distinct features remain that Li Hong Zhi (the spiritual leader) thinks aliens are cloning mankind and replacing us (to all Falun cultists out there: I AM XENU AND IMMA CHARGIN MA LAZORZ!!!) and that he has declared illness cannot be treated by medicine but must be removed by "cultivation". Not that Tai Qi is wrong, but Tai Qi was never limited to Falun Gong and if statistics were any indication, it can't cure your cancer. While suicide may be a sin in Falun Gong, the actions that lead to death aren't considered suicide: If you refuse your children medical attention, you're not really endangering them, you're just "truly curing them"! Cutting your stomache open isn't suicide either, as you'll obviously find the Falun (some spinny wheel thing) inside you and be enlightened. The clearwisdom site is the Propaganda machine of this cult, and pretty much runs by "Look, dead babies, do you believe NOW China is evil?". As for Chinese oppression of Tibet in terms of religion, that may have been the case in Mao's times, but that was several decades ago. Besides, how should China even consider to oppress Buddhism (which is the religion of Tibetans)? Whats happening is merely an uncontrollable mob who have gone against the Dalai Lhama's advice not to be violent and duely deserve a crackdown like any sane Nation would for preserving safety in the General Public.
5.) Taiwan is democratic and wants independence from China, (yeah another one related to China, it just happens to be the recent hate magnet along with muslims) people keep forgetting how Taiwan's modern government came to be: After the communists beat the corrupt regime of the Nationalists, they fled to Taiwan. Soon after they arrived, the native Taiwanese got a taste of why the Chinese were rooting for the communists and started an uprising which was then solved by firepower. While Taiwan today is far from these savage practices, though it still has parlamental fisticuffs and one of two major factions is pro-China, or at the very least sceptical about independence.
6.) Pakistan supports terrorists, this may be half true, it wouldn't be a surprise if rich terrorists could buy some cover, but Pakistan itself is far from pro-terrorism. It is not only allied with the States, but also the second biggest supplier of troops to the UN, that considering Pakistan's size is a phenomenal contribution, thousands of Pakistanis have their lives on the line for World Peace, and how does the World thank them? Call them terrorists at the next best moment. Why is that so? Because Pakistan has a rivalry with India, a Nation with sympathy and more importantly, more people that will buy or produce stuff. Realizing this, America throws away the condom that is Pakistan and sides with India at a moment's notice.
Misconceptions grow more ridiculous with relative distance away form the United States, which has the big chunk of the English speaking International community of the Internet, go figure.
Thanks, being a history buff myself i enjoyed reading about how facts can be twisted to suite people's own agendas. You only have to play the game of Risk to understand why Hitler lost the war, two many fronts, with an ever dwindling capacity to hold on to those gains. The allies won the war as a united force but the English channel was the biggest participant in the overall victory. Without it America would have had to beat Hitler alone. Cheers great stuff.
So Queen Victoria gave £2000 for Irish relief instead of £5. I'm sure we could dig up the records and find that she spent more than that on many other less worthy expenses that year. To add insult to injury, you say this was the largest contribution. I wonder what Her Majesty and the aristocracy might have contributed had a similar situation might have arisen in London.
Unfortunately, most people seem to believe that the famine was due to a natural disaster, and not due a extreme inequity and racism. I've even had a university economics professor use Malthus to justify what happened. The trouble with this theory was that even during the famine, food, particularly cattle, were being exported from Ireland during the famine. My mother's family and thousands of others were cleared off their land during the height of the famine to make way for cattle that could be sold to feed Her Majesty's soldiers.
The fact is, very little was done to help other than window dressing.
The five pound story is very interesting. My father in law has an even more inflammatory quotation attributed to Victoria,"Let them eat their children." She may not have said it publicly but there wouldn't have been a shortage of Victorian elites to using quacks such as Malthus to justify such sentiments. My father in law is a Catholic raised in Northern Ireland. He is certainly no republican, having put his life on the line many times against the IRA as one of the few Catholic members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
I'm glad to hear that Victoria gave more than five pounds to the Irish. I'm sure she did all that she could and could sleep easy at night, knowing they now had a fortuitous solution to this Irish problem. No appology or redress needed, it's not like the Chinese head tax situation or the Indian residential schools. It was just a natural disaster, right?
Thank you for directing me to this interesting history lesson. How little I know!
Thank you for the history lesson. Interesting and true when you said history is written by the victors. That does make it a little biased for sure. I love history and admit that I don't understand much of it. I learn so much from your hubs. I wish I had one third of your intelligence.
Oh that was so sweet of you to say although I don't feel very intelligent or charming. You brightened my evening, thank you.
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Petra Vlah Level 3 Commenter 22 months ago
Oh, the beauty of history!
1 part facts + 2 parts power + 1 part imagination = glory